---

name: swiftui-nav-ref description: Reference — Comprehensive SwiftUI navigation guide covering NavigationStack (iOS 16+), NavigationSplitView (iOS 16+), NavigationPath, deep linking, state restoration, Tab+Navigation integration (iOS 18+), Liquid Glass navigation (iOS 26+), and coordinator patterns version: 1.0.0 skill_type: reference apple_platforms: iOS 16+ (NavigationStack), iOS 18+ (Tab/Sidebar), iOS 26+ (Liquid Glass) last_updated: 2025-12-05

SwiftUI Navigation API Reference

Overview

SwiftUI's navigation APIs provide data-driven, programmatic navigation that scales from simple stacks to complex multi-column layouts. Introduced in iOS 16 (2022) with NavigationStack and NavigationSplitView, evolved in iOS 18 (2024) with Tab/Sidebar unification, and refined in iOS 26 (2025) with Liquid Glass design.

Evolution timeline

• 2022 (iOS 16) NavigationStack, NavigationSplitView, NavigationPath, value-based NavigationLink
• 2024 (iOS 18) Tab/Sidebar unification, sidebarAdaptable style, zoom navigation transition
• 2025 (iOS 26) Liquid Glass navigation chrome, bottom-aligned search, floating tab bars, backgroundExtensionEffect

Key capabilities

• Data-driven navigation NavigationPath represents stack state, enabling programmatic push/pop and deep linking
• Multi-column layouts NavigationSplitView adapts automatically (3-column on iPad → single stack on iPhone)
• State restoration Codable NavigationPath + SceneStorage for persistence across app launches
• Tab integration Per-tab NavigationStack with state preservation on tab switch (iOS 18+)
• Liquid Glass Automatic glass navigation bars, sidebars, and toolbars (iOS 26+)

When to use vs UIKit

• SwiftUI navigation New apps, multiplatform, simpler navigation flows → Use NavigationStack/SplitView
• UINavigationController Complex coordinator patterns, legacy code, specific UIKit features → Consider UIKit

Related Skills

• Use swiftui-nav for anti-patterns, decision trees, pressure scenarios
• Use swiftui-nav-diag for systematic troubleshooting of navigation issues

---

When to Use This Skill

Use this skill when:

• Learning navigation APIs from NavigationStack to NavigationSplitView to NavigationPath
• Implementing WWDC examples (all 4 sessions with code examples included)
• Planning deep linking with URL routing and NavigationPath manipulation
• Setting up state restoration with Codable NavigationPath and SceneStorage
• Adopting iOS 26+ features Liquid Glass navigation, bottom-aligned search, tab bar minimization
• Choosing navigation architecture Stack vs SplitView vs Tab+Navigation patterns
• Implementing coordinator/router patterns alongside SwiftUI's built-in navigation

---

API Evolution

Timeline

Year	iOS Version	Key Features
2020	iOS 14	NavigationView (deprecated iOS 16)
2022	iOS 16	NavigationStack, NavigationSplitView, NavigationPath, value-based NavigationLink
2024	iOS 18	Tab/Sidebar unification, sidebarAdaptable, TabSection, zoom transitions
2025	iOS 26	Liquid Glass navigation, backgroundExtensionEffect, tabBarMinimizeBehavior

NavigationView (Deprecated) vs NavigationStack/SplitView

Feature	NavigationView (iOS 13-15)	NavigationStack/SplitView (iOS 16+)
Programmatic navigation	Per-link isActive bindings	Single NavigationPath for entire stack
Deep linking	Complex, error-prone	Simple path manipulation
Type safety	View-based, runtime checks	Value-based, compile-time checks
State restoration	Manual, difficult	Built-in Codable support
Multi-column	NavigationStyle enum	Dedicated NavigationSplitView
Status	Deprecated iOS 16	Current API

Recommendation

• New apps: Use NavigationStack and NavigationSplitView exclusively
• Existing apps: Migrate from NavigationView (deprecated)
• See "Migrating to new navigation types" documentation

---

NavigationStack Complete Reference

NavigationStack represents a push-pop interface like Settings on iPhone or System Settings on macOS.

1.1 Creating NavigationStack

Basic NavigationStack

NavigationStack {
    List(Category.allCases) { category in
        NavigationLink(category.name, value: category)
    }
    .navigationTitle("Categories")
    .navigationDestination(for: Category.self) { category in
        CategoryDetail(category: category)
    }
}

With Path Binding (WWDC 2022, 6:05)

struct PushableStack: View {
    @State private var path: [Recipe] = []
    @StateObject private var dataModel = DataModel()

    var body: some View {
        NavigationStack(path: $path) {
            List(Category.allCases) { category in
                Section(category.localizedName) {
                    ForEach(dataModel.recipes(in: category)) { recipe in
                        NavigationLink(recipe.name, value: recipe)
                    }
                }
            }
            .navigationTitle("Categories")
            .navigationDestination(for: Recipe.self) { recipe in
                RecipeDetail(recipe: recipe)
            }
        }
        .environmentObject(dataModel)
    }
}

Key points:

• path: $path binds the navigation state to a collection
• Value-presenting NavigationLink appends values to the path
• navigationDestination(for:) maps values to views

1.2 NavigationLink (Value-Based)

Value-presenting NavigationLink

// Correct: Value-based (iOS 16+)
NavigationLink(recipe.name, value: recipe)

// Correct: With custom label
NavigationLink(value: recipe) {
    RecipeTile(recipe: recipe)
}

// Deprecated: View-based (iOS 13-15)
NavigationLink(recipe.name) {
    RecipeDetail(recipe: recipe)  // Don't use in new code
}

How NavigationLink works with NavigationStack

1. NavigationStack maintains a path collection
2. Tapping a value-presenting link appends the value to the path
3. NavigationStack maps navigationDestination modifiers over path values
4. Views are pushed onto the stack based on destination mappings

1.3 navigationDestination Modifier

Single Type

.navigationDestination(for: Recipe.self) { recipe in
    RecipeDetail(recipe: recipe)
}

Multiple Types

NavigationStack(path: $path) {
    RootView()
        .navigationDestination(for: Recipe.self) { recipe in
            RecipeDetail(recipe: recipe)
        }
        .navigationDestination(for: Category.self) { category in
            CategoryList(category: category)
        }
        .navigationDestination(for: Chef.self) { chef in
            ChefProfile(chef: chef)
        }
}

Placement rules

• Place navigationDestination outside lazy containers (not inside ForEach)
• Place near related NavigationLinks for code organization
• Must be inside NavigationStack hierarchy

// Correct: Outside lazy container
ScrollView {
    LazyVGrid(columns: columns) {
        ForEach(recipes) { recipe in
            NavigationLink(value: recipe) {
                RecipeTile(recipe: recipe)
            }
        }
    }
}
.navigationDestination(for: Recipe.self) { recipe in
    RecipeDetail(recipe: recipe)
}

// Wrong: Inside ForEach (may not be loaded)
ForEach(recipes) { recipe in
    NavigationLink(value: recipe) { RecipeTile(recipe: recipe) }
        .navigationDestination(for: Recipe.self) { r in  // Don't do this
            RecipeDetail(recipe: r)
        }
}

1.4 NavigationPath

NavigationPath is a type-erased collection for heterogeneous navigation stacks.

Typed Array vs NavigationPath

// Typed array: All values same type
@State private var path: [Recipe] = []

// NavigationPath: Mixed types
@State private var path = NavigationPath()

NavigationPath Operations

// Append value
path.append(recipe)

// Pop to previous
path.removeLast()

// Pop to root
path.removeLast(path.count)
// or
path = NavigationPath()

// Check count
if path.count > 0 { ... }

// Deep link: Set multiple values
path.append(category)
path.append(recipe)

Codable Support

// NavigationPath is Codable when all values are Codable
@State private var path = NavigationPath()

// Encode
let data = try JSONEncoder().encode(path.codable)

// Decode
let codableRep = try JSONDecoder().decode(NavigationPath.CodableRepresentation.self, from: data)
path = NavigationPath(codableRep)

---

NavigationSplitView Complete Reference

NavigationSplitView creates multi-column layouts that adapt to device size.

2.1 Two-Column Layout

Basic Two-Column (WWDC 2022, 10:40)

struct MultipleColumns: View {
    @State private var selectedCategory: Category?
    @State private var selectedRecipe: Recipe?
    @StateObject private var dataModel = DataModel()

    var body: some View {
        NavigationSplitView {
            List(Category.allCases, selection: $selectedCategory) { category in
                NavigationLink(category.localizedName, value: category)
            }
            .navigationTitle("Categories")
        } detail: {
            if let recipe = selectedRecipe {
                RecipeDetail(recipe: recipe)
            } else {
                Text("Select a recipe")
            }
        }
    }
}

2.2 Three-Column Layout

Three-Column with Content Column

NavigationSplitView {
    // Sidebar
    List(Category.allCases, selection: $selectedCategory) { category in
        NavigationLink(category.localizedName, value: category)
    }
    .navigationTitle("Categories")
} content: {
    // Content column
    List(dataModel.recipes(in: selectedCategory), selection: $selectedRecipe) { recipe in
        NavigationLink(recipe.name, value: recipe)
    }
    .navigationTitle(selectedCategory?.localizedName ?? "Recipes")
} detail: {
    // Detail column
    RecipeDetail(recipe: selectedRecipe)
}

2.3 NavigationSplitView with NavigationStack (WWDC 2022, 14:10)

Combine split view selection with stack-based drill-down:

struct MultipleColumnsWithStack: View {
    @State private var selectedCategory: Category?
    @State private var path: [Recipe] = []
    @StateObject private var dataModel = DataModel()

    var body: some View {
        NavigationSplitView {
            List(Category.allCases, selection: $selectedCategory) { category in
                NavigationLink(category.localizedName, value: category)
            }
            .navigationTitle("Categories")
        } detail: {
            NavigationStack(path: $path) {
                RecipeGrid(category: selectedCategory)
                    .navigationDestination(for: Recipe.self) { recipe in
                        RecipeDetail(recipe: recipe)
                    }
            }
        }
        .environmentObject(dataModel)
    }
}

Key pattern: NavigationStack inside NavigationSplitView detail column enables grid-to-detail drill-down while preserving sidebar selection.

2.4 Column Visibility

@State private var columnVisibility: NavigationSplitViewVisibility = .all

NavigationSplitView(columnVisibility: $columnVisibility) {
    Sidebar()
} content: {
    Content()
} detail: {
    Detail()
}

// Programmatically control visibility
columnVisibility = .detailOnly  // Hide sidebar and content
columnVisibility = .all          // Show all columns
columnVisibility = .automatic    // System decides

2.5 Automatic Adaptation

NavigationSplitView automatically adapts:

• iPad landscape All columns visible (depending on configuration)
• iPad portrait/Slide Over Collapses to overlay or single column
• iPhone Single navigation stack
• Apple Watch/TV Single navigation stack

Selection changes automatically translate to push/pop on iPhone.

2.6 iOS 26+ Liquid Glass Sidebar (WWDC 2025, 323)

NavigationSplitView {
    List { ... }
} detail: {
    DetailView()
}
// Sidebar automatically gets Liquid Glass appearance on iPad/macOS

// Extend content behind glass sidebar
.backgroundExtensionEffect()  // Mirrors and blurs content outside safe area

---

Deep Linking and URL Routing

3.1 Basic Deep Link Handling

struct ContentView: View {
    @State private var path = NavigationPath()

    var body: some View {
        NavigationStack(path: $path) {
            HomeView()
                .navigationDestination(for: Recipe.self) { recipe in
                    RecipeDetail(recipe: recipe)
                }
                .navigationDestination(for: Category.self) { category in
                    CategoryView(category: category)
                }
        }
        .onOpenURL { url in
            handleDeepLink(url)
        }
    }

    func handleDeepLink(_ url: URL) {
        // Parse URL: myapp://recipe/apple-pie
        guard let components = URLComponents(url: url, resolvingAgainstBaseURL: false),
              let host = components.host else { return }

        switch host {
        case "recipe":
            if let recipeName = components.path.dropFirst().description,
               let recipe = dataModel.recipe(named: recipeName) {
                path.removeLast(path.count)  // Pop to root
                path.append(recipe)           // Push recipe
            }
        case "category":
            if let categoryName = components.path.dropFirst().description,
               let category = Category(rawValue: categoryName) {
                path.removeLast(path.count)
                path.append(category)
            }
        default:
            break
        }
    }
}

3.2 Multi-Step Deep Links

// URL: myapp://category/desserts/recipe/apple-pie
func handleDeepLink(_ url: URL) {
    let pathComponents = url.pathComponents.filter { $0 != "/" }

    path.removeLast(path.count)  // Reset to root

    var index = 0
    while index < pathComponents.count {
        let component = pathComponents[index]

        switch component {
        case "category":
            if index + 1 < pathComponents.count,
               let category = Category(rawValue: pathComponents[index + 1]) {
                path.append(category)
                index += 2
            }
        case "recipe":
            if index + 1 < pathComponents.count,
               let recipe = dataModel.recipe(named: pathComponents[index + 1]) {
                path.append(recipe)
                index += 2
            }
        default:
            index += 1
        }
    }
}

---

State Restoration

4.1 Complete State Restoration (WWDC 2022, 18:12)

struct UseSceneStorage: View {
    @StateObject private var navModel = NavigationModel()
    @SceneStorage("navigation") private var data: Data?
    @StateObject private var dataModel = DataModel()

    var body: some View {
        NavigationSplitView {
            List(Category.allCases, selection: $navModel.selectedCategory) { category in
                NavigationLink(category.localizedName, value: category)
            }
            .navigationTitle("Categories")
        } detail: {
            NavigationStack(path: $navModel.recipePath) {
                RecipeGrid(category: navModel.selectedCategory)
            }
        }
        .task {
            // Restore on appear
            if let data = data {
                navModel.jsonData = data
            }
            // Save on changes
            for await _ in navModel.objectWillChangeSequence {
                data = navModel.jsonData
            }
        }
        .environmentObject(dataModel)
    }
}

4.2 Codable NavigationModel

class NavigationModel: ObservableObject, Codable {
    @Published var selectedCategory: Category?
    @Published var recipePath: [Recipe] = []

    enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
        case selectedCategory
        case recipePathIds  // Store IDs, not full objects
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
        try container.encodeIfPresent(selectedCategory, forKey: .selectedCategory)
        try container.encode(recipePath.map(\.id), forKey: .recipePathIds)
    }

    init() {}

    required init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
        self.selectedCategory = try container.decodeIfPresent(Category.self, forKey: .selectedCategory)

        // Convert IDs back to objects, discarding deleted items
        let recipePathIds = try container.decode([Recipe.ID].self, forKey: .recipePathIds)
        self.recipePath = recipePathIds.compactMap { DataModel.shared[$0] }
    }

    var jsonData: Data? {
        get { try? JSONEncoder().encode(self) }
        set {
            guard let data = newValue,
                  let model = try? JSONDecoder().decode(NavigationModel.self, from: data)
            else { return }
            self.selectedCategory = model.selectedCategory
            self.recipePath = model.recipePath
        }
    }

    var objectWillChangeSequence: AsyncPublisher<Publishers.Buffer<ObservableObjectPublisher>> {
        objectWillChange
            .buffer(size: 1, prefetch: .byRequest, whenFull: .dropOldest)
            .values
    }
}

Key pattern: Store IDs, not full model objects. Use compactMap to handle deleted items gracefully.

---

Tab + Navigation Integration

5.1 Tab Syntax (iOS 18+) (WWDC 2024, 4:27)

TabView {
    Tab("Watch Now", systemImage: "play") {
        WatchNowView()
    }
    Tab("Library", systemImage: "books.vertical") {
        LibraryView()
    }
    Tab(role: .search) {
        SearchView()
    }
}

5.2 TabView with NavigationStack Per Tab

TabView {
    Tab("Home", systemImage: "house") {
        NavigationStack {
            HomeView()
                .navigationDestination(for: Item.self) { item in
                    ItemDetail(item: item)
                }
        }
    }
    Tab("Settings", systemImage: "gear") {
        NavigationStack {
            SettingsView()
        }
    }
}

Key pattern: Each tab has its own NavigationStack to preserve navigation state when switching tabs.

5.3 Sidebar-Adaptable TabView (WWDC 2024, 6:41)

TabView {
    Tab("Watch Now", systemImage: "play") {
        WatchNowView()
    }
    Tab("Library", systemImage: "books.vertical") {
        LibraryView()
    }
    TabSection("Collections") {
        Tab("Cinematic Shots", systemImage: "list.and.film") {
            CinematicShotsView()
        }
        Tab("Forest Life", systemImage: "list.and.film") {
            ForestLifeView()
        }
    }
    TabSection("Animations") {
        // More tabs...
    }
    Tab(role: .search) {
        SearchView()
    }
}
.tabViewStyle(.sidebarAdaptable)

Key features:

• TabSection creates groups visible in sidebar
• .sidebarAdaptable enables sidebar on iPad, tab bar on iPhone
• Search tab with .search role gets special placement

5.4 Tab Customization (WWDC 2024, 10:45)

@AppStorage("MyTabViewCustomization")
private var customization: TabViewCustomization

TabView {
    Tab("Watch Now", systemImage: "play", value: .watchNow) {
        WatchNowView()
    }
    .customizationID("Tab.watchNow")
    .customizationBehavior(.disabled, for: .sidebar, .tabBar)  // Can't be hidden

    Tab("Optional Tab", systemImage: "star", value: .optional) {
        OptionalView()
    }
    .customizationID("Tab.optional")
    .defaultVisibility(.hidden, for: .tabBar)  // Hidden by default
}
.tabViewCustomization($customization)

5.5 Programmatic Tab Visibility

Use .hidden(_:) to show/hide tabs based on app state while preserving their navigation state.

State-Driven Tab Visibility

enum AppContext { case home, browse }

struct ContentView: View {
    @State private var context: AppContext = .home
    @State private var selection: TabID = .home

    var body: some View {
        TabView(selection: $selection) {
            Tab("Home", systemImage: "house") {
                HomeView()
            }
            .tag(TabID.home)

            Tab("Libraries", systemImage: "square.stack") {
                LibrariesView()
            }
            .tag(TabID.libraries)
            .hidden(context == .browse)  // Hide in browse context

            Tab("Playlists", systemImage: "music.note.list") {
                PlaylistsView()
            }
            .tag(TabID.playlists)
            .hidden(context == .browse)

            Tab("Tracks", systemImage: "music.note") {
                TracksView()
            }
            .tag(TabID.tracks)
            .hidden(context == .home)    // Hide in home context
        }
        .tabViewStyle(.sidebarAdaptable)
    }
}

State Preservation

Key difference: .hidden(_:) preserves tab state, conditional rendering does not.

// ✅ State preserved when hidden
Tab("Settings", systemImage: "gear") {
    SettingsView()  // Navigation stack preserved
}
.hidden(!showSettings)

// ❌ State lost when condition changes
if showSettings {
    Tab("Settings", systemImage: "gear") {
        SettingsView()  // Navigation stack recreated
    }
}

Common Patterns

Feature Flags

Tab("Beta Features", systemImage: "flask") {
    BetaView()
}
.hidden(!UserDefaults.standard.bool(forKey: "enableBetaFeatures"))

Authentication State

Tab("Profile", systemImage: "person.circle") {
    ProfileView()
}
.hidden(!authManager.isAuthenticated)

Purchase Status

Tab("Pro Features", systemImage: "star.circle.fill") {
    ProFeaturesView()
}
.hidden(!purchaseManager.isPro)

Development Builds

Tab("Debug", systemImage: "hammer") {
    DebugView()
}
.hidden(!isDevelopmentBuild)

private var isDevelopmentBuild: Bool {
    #if DEBUG
    return true
    #else
    return false
    #endif
}

Animated Transitions

Wrap state changes in withAnimation for smooth tab bar layout transitions:

Button("Switch to Browse") {
    withAnimation {
        context = .browse
        selection = .tracks  // Switch to first visible tab
    }
}
// Tab bar animates as tabs appear/disappear
// Uses system motion curves automatically

5.6 iOS 26+ Tab Features (WWDC 2025, 256)

// Tab bar minimization on scroll
TabView { ... }
    .tabBarMinimizeBehavior(.onScrollDown)

// Bottom accessory view
TabView { ... }
    .tabViewBottomAccessory {
        PlaybackControls()
    }

// Search tab with dedicated search field
Tab(role: .search) {
    SearchView()
}
// Morphs into search field when selected

5.7 Tab API Quick Reference

Modifier	Target	iOS	Purpose
Tab(_:systemImage:value:content:)	—	18+	New tab syntax with selection value
Tab(role: .search)	—	18+	Semantic search tab with morph behavior
TabSection(_:content:)	—	18+	Group tabs in sidebar view
.customizationID(_:)	Tab	18+	Enable user customization
.customizationBehavior(_:for:)	Tab	18+	Control hide/reorder permissions
.defaultVisibility(_:for:)	Tab	18+	Set initial visibility state
.hidden(_:)	Tab	18+	Programmatic visibility with state preservation
.tabViewStyle(.sidebarAdaptable)	TabView	18+	Sidebar on iPad, tabs on iPhone
.tabViewCustomization($binding)	TabView	18+	Persist user tab arrangement
.tabBarMinimizeBehavior(_:)	TabView	26+	Auto-hide on scroll
.tabViewBottomAccessory { }	TabView	26+	Content below tab bar

---

iOS 26+ Navigation Features

6.1 Liquid Glass Navigation (WWDC 2025, 323)

Automatic adoption when building with Xcode 26:

• Navigation bars become Liquid Glass
• Sidebars float above content with glass effect
• Tab bars float with new compact appearance
• Toolbars get automatic grouping

6.2 Background Extension Effect

NavigationSplitView {
    Sidebar()
} detail: {
    HeroImage()
        .backgroundExtensionEffect()  // Content extends behind sidebar
}

6.3 Bottom-Aligned Search (WWDC 2025, 256)

NavigationSplitView {
    Sidebar()
} detail: {
    DetailView()
}
.searchable(text: $query, prompt: "What are you looking for?")
// Automatically bottom-aligned on iPhone, top-trailing on iPad

6.4 Scroll Edge Effect

// Automatic blur effect when content scrolls under toolbar
// Remove any custom darkening backgrounds - they interfere

// For dense UIs, adjust sharpness
ScrollView { ... }
    .scrollEdgeEffectStyle(.soft)  // .sharp, .soft

6.5 Tab Bar Minimization

TabView {
    Tab("Home", systemImage: "house") {
        NavigationStack {
            ScrollView {
                // Content
            }
        }
    }
}
.tabBarMinimizeBehavior(.onScrollDown)  // Minimizes on scroll

6.6 Sheet Presentations with Zoom Transition

// Sheet morphs out of presenting button
.toolbar {
    ToolbarItem {
        Button("Settings") { showSettings = true }
            .matchedTransitionSource(id: "settings", in: namespace)
    }
}
.sheet(isPresented: $showSettings) {
    SettingsView()
        .navigationTransition(.zoom(sourceID: "settings", in: namespace))
}

---

Router/Coordinator Patterns

7.1 When to Use Coordinators

Use coordinators when:

• Navigation logic is complex with conditional flows
• Testing navigation in isolation
• Sharing navigation logic across multiple screens
• UIKit interop with heavy navigation requirements

Use built-in navigation when:

• Simple linear or hierarchical navigation
• State restoration is primary concern
• Fewer than 5-10 navigation destinations
• No need for navigation unit testing

7.2 Simple Router Pattern

// Route enum defines all possible destinations
enum AppRoute: Hashable {
    case home
    case category(Category)
    case recipe(Recipe)
    case settings
}

// Router class manages navigation
@Observable
class Router {
    var path = NavigationPath()

    func navigate(to route: AppRoute) {
        path.append(route)
    }

    func popToRoot() {
        path.removeLast(path.count)
    }

    func pop() {
        if !path.isEmpty {
            path.removeLast()
        }
    }
}

// Usage in views
struct ContentView: View {
    @State private var router = Router()

    var body: some View {
        NavigationStack(path: $router.path) {
            HomeView()
                .navigationDestination(for: AppRoute.self) { route in
                    switch route {
                    case .home:
                        HomeView()
                    case .category(let category):
                        CategoryView(category: category)
                    case .recipe(let recipe):
                        RecipeDetail(recipe: recipe)
                    case .settings:
                        SettingsView()
                    }
                }
        }
        .environment(router)
    }
}

// In child views
struct RecipeCard: View {
    let recipe: Recipe
    @Environment(Router.self) private var router

    var body: some View {
        Button(recipe.name) {
            router.navigate(to: .recipe(recipe))
        }
    }
}

7.3 Coordinator Pattern with Protocol

protocol Coordinator {
    associatedtype Route: Hashable
    var path: NavigationPath { get set }
    func navigate(to route: Route)
}

@Observable
class RecipeCoordinator: Coordinator {
    typealias Route = RecipeRoute
    var path = NavigationPath()

    enum RecipeRoute: Hashable {
        case list(Category)
        case detail(Recipe)
        case edit(Recipe)
        case relatedRecipes(Recipe)
    }

    func navigate(to route: RecipeRoute) {
        path.append(route)
    }

    func showRecipeOfTheDay() {
        path.removeLast(path.count)
        if let recipe = DataModel.shared.recipeOfTheDay {
            path.append(RecipeRoute.detail(recipe))
        }
    }
}

7.4 Testing Navigation

// Router is easily testable
func testNavigateToRecipe() {
    let router = Router()
    let recipe = Recipe(name: "Apple Pie")

    router.navigate(to: .recipe(recipe))

    XCTAssertEqual(router.path.count, 1)
}

func testPopToRoot() {
    let router = Router()
    router.navigate(to: .category(.desserts))
    router.navigate(to: .recipe(Recipe(name: "Apple Pie")))

    router.popToRoot()

    XCTAssertTrue(router.path.isEmpty)
}

---

Testing Checklist

Navigation Flow Testing

• All NavigationLinks navigate to correct destination
• Back button returns to previous view
• Pop to root clears entire stack
• Deep links navigate correctly from cold start
• Deep links navigate correctly when app is running

State Restoration Testing

• Navigation state persists when app backgrounds
• Navigation state restores on app launch
• Deleted items handled gracefully (compactMap)
• SceneStorage key is unique per scene

Multi-Platform Testing

• NavigationSplitView collapses correctly on iPhone
• Selection in sidebar pushes on iPhone
• Tab bar visible and functional on all platforms
• Sidebar toggle works on iPad

iOS 26+ Testing

• Liquid Glass appearance correct
• Bottom-aligned search on iPhone
• Tab bar minimization works
• Scroll edge effect not interfering with custom backgrounds

---

API Quick Reference

NavigationStack

NavigationStack { content }
NavigationStack(path: $path) { content }

NavigationSplitView

NavigationSplitView { sidebar } detail: { detail }
NavigationSplitView { sidebar } content: { content } detail: { detail }
NavigationSplitView(columnVisibility: $visibility) { ... }

NavigationLink

NavigationLink(title, value: value)
NavigationLink(value: value) { label }

NavigationPath

path.append(value)
path.removeLast()
path.removeLast(path.count)
path.count
path.codable  // For encoding
NavigationPath(codableRepresentation)  // For decoding

Modifiers

.navigationTitle("Title")
.navigationDestination(for: Type.self) { value in View }
.searchable(text: $query)
.tabViewStyle(.sidebarAdaptable)
.tabBarMinimizeBehavior(.onScrollDown)
.backgroundExtensionEffect()

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WWDC Sessions

Primary Sources

• The SwiftUI cookbook for navigation (WWDC 2022, 10054)
• Elevate your tab and sidebar experience in iPadOS (WWDC 2024, 10147)
• What's new in SwiftUI (WWDC 2025, 256)
• Build a SwiftUI app with the new design (WWDC 2025, 323)

Related Sessions

• SwiftUI on iPad: Organize your interface (WWDC 2022)
• Bring multiple windows to your SwiftUI app (WWDC 2022)
• Meet Liquid Glass (WWDC 2025)
• Get to know the new design system (WWDC 2025)

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Cross-References

Axiom Skills

• swiftui-nav — Decision trees, anti-patterns, pressure scenarios
• swiftui-nav-diag — Systematic troubleshooting
• swiftui-26-ref — Comprehensive iOS 26 features
• liquid-glass — Liquid Glass design system

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Last Updated Based on WWDC 2022-10054, WWDC 2024-10147, WWDC 2025-256, WWDC 2025-323 Platforms iOS 16+, iPadOS 16+, macOS 13+, watchOS 9+, tvOS 16+