Hetzner Coder

Overview

Hetzner Cloud offers high-performance, cost-effective cloud infrastructure with European data centers. This skill covers OpenTofu/Terraform patterns for Hetzner resources.

Provider Setup

terraform {
  required_providers {
    hcloud = {
      source  = "hetznercloud/hcloud"
      version = "~> 1.50"
    }
  }
}

provider "hcloud" {
  # Token from environment: HCLOUD_TOKEN
  # Or explicitly (not recommended):
  # token = var.hcloud_token
}

Authentication

# Set token via environment variable
export HCLOUD_TOKEN="your-api-token"

# Or with 1Password
HCLOUD_TOKEN=op://Infrastructure/Hetzner/api_token

Token Permissions:

• Read - GET requests only (monitoring, auditing)
• Read & Write - Full access (required for Terraform)

Locations and Datacenters

Location	Code	Region	Network Zone
Falkenstein	fsn1	Germany	eu-central
Nuremberg	nbg1	Germany	eu-central
Helsinki	hel1	Finland	eu-central
Ashburn	ash	US East	us-east
Hillsboro	hil	US West	us-west

Server Types

Shared CPU (Best for general workloads)

Type	vCPUs	RAM	Storage	Best For
cx22	2	4 GB	40 GB	Small apps
cx32	4	8 GB	80 GB	Medium apps
cx42	8	16 GB	160 GB	Production
cx52	16	32 GB	320 GB	High traffic

AMD EPYC (CPX - Better single-thread)

Type	vCPUs	RAM	Storage
cpx11	2	2 GB	40 GB
cpx21	3	4 GB	80 GB
cpx31	4	8 GB	160 GB
cpx41	8	16 GB	240 GB
cpx51	16	32 GB	360 GB

ARM64 (CAX - Best price/performance)

Type	vCPUs	RAM	Storage
cax11	2	4 GB	40 GB
cax21	4	8 GB	80 GB
cax31	8	16 GB	160 GB
cax41	16	32 GB	320 GB

Dedicated vCPU (CCX - Guaranteed resources)

Type	vCPUs	RAM	Storage
ccx13	2	8 GB	80 GB
ccx23	4	16 GB	160 GB
ccx33	8	32 GB	240 GB
ccx43	16	64 GB	360 GB

Servers (Compute)

Basic Server

resource "hcloud_server" "app" {
  name        = "${var.project}-${var.environment}-app"
  server_type = "cx22"
  image       = "ubuntu-24.04"
  location    = "fsn1"

  ssh_keys = [hcloud_ssh_key.deploy.id]

  labels = {
    environment = var.environment
    project     = var.project
    role        = "app"
  }

  public_net {
    ipv4_enabled = true
    ipv6_enabled = true
  }
}

Server with Cloud-Init

resource "hcloud_server" "app" {
  name        = "${var.project}-app"
  server_type = "cx22"
  image       = "ubuntu-24.04"
  location    = "fsn1"

  ssh_keys = [hcloud_ssh_key.deploy.id]

  user_data = <<-EOT
    #cloud-config
    package_update: true
    packages:
      - docker.io
      - docker-compose-plugin

    users:
      - name: deploy
        groups: docker, sudo
        sudo: ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL
        shell: /bin/bash
        ssh_authorized_keys:
          - ${var.deploy_ssh_key}

    runcmd:
      - systemctl enable --now docker
      - sed -i 's/PermitRootLogin yes/PermitRootLogin no/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
      - sed -i 's/#PasswordAuthentication yes/PasswordAuthentication no/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
      - systemctl restart sshd
  EOT

  labels = {
    environment = var.environment
    role        = "app"
  }
}

ARM64 Server (Cost-Effective)

resource "hcloud_server" "worker" {
  name        = "${var.project}-worker"
  server_type = "cax21"  # ARM64 - great price/performance
  image       = "ubuntu-24.04"
  location    = "fsn1"

  ssh_keys = [hcloud_ssh_key.deploy.id]

  labels = {
    role = "worker"
    arch = "arm64"
  }
}

Private Networks

Network with Subnet

resource "hcloud_network" "private" {
  name     = "${var.project}-network"
  ip_range = "10.0.0.0/16"

  labels = {
    project = var.project
  }
}

resource "hcloud_network_subnet" "private" {
  network_id   = hcloud_network.private.id
  type         = "cloud"
  network_zone = "eu-central"  # Must match server location zone
  ip_range     = "10.0.1.0/24"
}

Server in Private Network

resource "hcloud_server" "db" {
  name        = "${var.project}-db"
  server_type = "cpx31"
  image       = "ubuntu-24.04"
  location    = "fsn1"

  ssh_keys = [hcloud_ssh_key.deploy.id]

  # Attach to private network
  network {
    network_id = hcloud_network.private.id
    ip         = "10.0.1.10"  # Optional: specific IP
  }

  # Optionally disable public IP for security
  public_net {
    ipv4_enabled = false
    ipv6_enabled = false
  }

  labels = {
    role = "database"
  }

  depends_on = [hcloud_network_subnet.private]
}

Firewalls

Web Server Firewall

resource "hcloud_firewall" "web" {
  name = "${var.project}-web-firewall"

  # SSH from specific IPs only
  rule {
    description = "SSH"
    direction   = "in"
    protocol    = "tcp"
    port        = "22"
    source_ips  = var.ssh_allowed_ips
  }

  # HTTP/HTTPS from anywhere
  rule {
    description = "HTTP"
    direction   = "in"
    protocol    = "tcp"
    port        = "80"
    source_ips  = ["0.0.0.0/0", "::/0"]
  }

  rule {
    description = "HTTPS"
    direction   = "in"
    protocol    = "tcp"
    port        = "443"
    source_ips  = ["0.0.0.0/0", "::/0"]
  }

  # Apply to servers with label
  apply_to {
    label_selector = "role=web"
  }
}

Database Firewall (Private Only)

resource "hcloud_firewall" "db" {
  name = "${var.project}-db-firewall"

  # PostgreSQL from private network only
  rule {
    description = "PostgreSQL"
    direction   = "in"
    protocol    = "tcp"
    port        = "5432"
    source_ips  = ["10.0.0.0/16"]  # Private network range
  }

  # SSH from bastion only
  rule {
    description = "SSH from bastion"
    direction   = "in"
    protocol    = "tcp"
    port        = "22"
    source_ips  = ["10.0.1.1/32"]  # Bastion IP
  }

  apply_to {
    label_selector = "role=database"
  }
}

Floating IPs (High Availability)

resource "hcloud_floating_ip" "app" {
  type          = "ipv4"
  name          = "${var.project}-vip"
  home_location = "fsn1"

  labels = {
    project = var.project
    purpose = "failover"
  }
}

resource "hcloud_floating_ip_assignment" "app" {
  floating_ip_id = hcloud_floating_ip.app.id
  server_id      = hcloud_server.app.id
}

output "floating_ip" {
  value = hcloud_floating_ip.app.ip_address
}

Load Balancers

HTTP Load Balancer

resource "hcloud_load_balancer" "web" {
  name               = "${var.project}-lb"
  load_balancer_type = "lb11"
  location           = "fsn1"

  labels = {
    project = var.project
  }
}

resource "hcloud_load_balancer_network" "web" {
  load_balancer_id = hcloud_load_balancer.web.id
  network_id       = hcloud_network.private.id
  ip               = "10.0.1.100"
}

resource "hcloud_load_balancer_service" "http" {
  load_balancer_id = hcloud_load_balancer.web.id
  protocol         = "http"
  listen_port      = 80
  destination_port = 8080

  health_check {
    protocol = "http"
    port     = 8080
    interval = 10
    timeout  = 5
    retries  = 3

    http {
      path         = "/health"
      status_codes = ["200"]
    }
  }
}

resource "hcloud_load_balancer_target" "web" {
  load_balancer_id = hcloud_load_balancer.web.id
  type             = "server"
  server_id        = hcloud_server.app.id
  use_private_ip   = true

  depends_on = [hcloud_load_balancer_network.web]
}

HTTPS Load Balancer with Certificate

resource "hcloud_managed_certificate" "web" {
  name         = "${var.project}-cert"
  domain_names = [var.domain, "www.${var.domain}"]

  labels = {
    project = var.project
  }
}

resource "hcloud_load_balancer_service" "https" {
  load_balancer_id = hcloud_load_balancer.web.id
  protocol         = "https"
  listen_port      = 443
  destination_port = 8080

  http {
    certificates = [hcloud_managed_certificate.web.id]
    redirect_http = true
  }

  health_check {
    protocol = "http"
    port     = 8080
    interval = 10
    timeout  = 5
  }
}

Volumes (Persistent Storage)

resource "hcloud_volume" "data" {
  name      = "${var.project}-data"
  size      = 100  # GB
  location  = "fsn1"
  format    = "ext4"

  labels = {
    project = var.project
    purpose = "database"
  }
}

resource "hcloud_volume_attachment" "data" {
  volume_id = hcloud_volume.data.id
  server_id = hcloud_server.db.id
  automount = true
}

SSH Keys

resource "hcloud_ssh_key" "deploy" {
  name       = "${var.project}-deploy"
  public_key = file(var.ssh_public_key_path)

  labels = {
    project = var.project
    purpose = "deployment"
  }
}

Additional Resources

• resources/best-practices.md - Labels, cost optimization, placement groups, snapshots
• resources/production-stack.md - Complete production setup with app servers, database, load balancer, firewalls, volumes, and networking