build-mcp-server

Build an MCP Server

You are guiding a developer through designing and building an MCP server that works seamlessly with Claude. MCP servers come in many forms — picking the wrong shape early causes painful rewrites later. Your first job is discovery, not code.

Do not start scaffolding until you have answers to the questions in Phase 1. If the user's opening message already answers them, acknowledge that and skip straight to the recommendation.

When to Apply

• User asks to build, create, or scaffold an MCP server
• User wants to wrap a REST/GraphQL API for use with Claude
• User wants to expose tools, resources, or prompts via MCP
• User is choosing between deployment models (remote HTTP, MCPB, local stdio)
• User is designing tool schemas for an MCP integration

Workflow Overview

Phase 1: Discovery → Phase 2: Deployment model → Phase 3: Tool pattern → Phase 4: Framework → Phase 5: Scaffold

Each phase narrows the design space. After Phase 5, hand off to the appropriate scaffold reference or companion skill.

Prerequisites

• TypeScript path: Node.js >= 18, npm
• Python path: Python >= 3.10, pip
• Testing: npx (ships with npm) — used by scripts/test-server.sh and the MCP Inspector

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Phase 1 — Interrogate the use case

Ask these questions conversationally (batch them into one message, don't interrogate one-at-a-time). Adapt wording to what the user has already told you.

1. What does it connect to?

If it connects to…	Likely direction
A cloud API (SaaS, REST, GraphQL)	Remote HTTP server
A local process, filesystem, or desktop app	MCPB or local stdio
Hardware, OS-level APIs, or user-specific state	MCPB
Nothing external — pure logic / computation	Either — default to remote

2. Who will use it?

• Just me / my team, on our machines → Local stdio is acceptable (easiest to prototype)
• Anyone who installs it → Remote HTTP (strongly preferred) or MCPB (if it must be local)
• Users of Claude desktop who want UI widgets → MCP app (remote or MCPB)

3. How many distinct actions does it expose?

This determines the tool-design pattern — see Phase 3.

• Under ~15 actions → one tool per action
• Dozens to hundreds of actions (e.g. wrapping a large API surface) → search + execute pattern

4. Does a tool need mid-call user input or rich display?

• Simple structured input (pick from list, enter a value, confirm) → Elicitation — spec-native, zero UI code. Host support is rolling out (Claude Code ≥2.1.76) — always pair with a capability check and fallback. See references/elicitation.md.
• Rich/visual UI (charts, custom pickers with search, live dashboards) → MCP app widgets — iframe-based, needs @modelcontextprotocol/ext-apps. See build-mcp-app skill.
• Neither → plain tool returning text/JSON.

5. What auth does the upstream service use?

• None / API key → straightforward
• OAuth 2.0 → you'll need a remote server with CIMD (preferred) or DCR support; see references/auth.md

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Phase 2 — Recommend a deployment model

Based on the answers, recommend one path. Be opinionated. The ranked options:

Remote streamable-HTTP MCP server (default recommendation)

A hosted service speaking MCP over streamable HTTP. This is the recommended path for anything wrapping a cloud API.

Why it wins:

• Zero install friction — users add a URL, done
• One deployment serves all users; you control upgrades
• OAuth flows work properly (the server can handle redirects, DCR, token storage)
• Works across Claude desktop, Claude Code, Claude.ai, and third-party MCP hosts

Choose this unless the server must touch the user's local machine.

→ Fastest deploy: Cloudflare Workers — references/deploy-cloudflare-workers.md (zero to live URL in two commands) → Portable Node/Python: references/remote-http-scaffold.md (Express or FastMCP, runs on any host)

Elicitation (structured input, no UI build)

If a tool just needs the user to confirm, pick an option, or fill a short form, elicitation does it with zero UI code. The server sends a flat JSON schema; the host renders a native form. Spec-native, no extra packages.

Caveat: Host support is new (Claude Code shipped it in v2.1.76; Desktop unconfirmed). The SDK throws if the client doesn't advertise the capability. Always check clientCapabilities.elicitation first and have a fallback — see references/elicitation.md for the canonical pattern. This is the right spec-correct approach; host coverage will catch up.

Escalate to build-mcp-app widgets when you need: nested/complex data, scrollable/searchable lists, visual previews, live updates.

MCP app (remote HTTP + interactive UI)

Same as above, plus UI resources — interactive widgets rendered in chat. Rich pickers with search, charts, live dashboards, visual previews. Built once, renders in Claude and ChatGPT.

Choose this when elicitation's flat-form constraints don't fit — you need custom layout, large searchable lists, visual content, or live updates.

Usually remote, but can be shipped as MCPB if the UI needs to drive a local app.

→ Hand off to the build-mcp-app skill.

MCPB (bundled local server)

A local MCP server packaged with its runtime so users don't need Node/Python installed. The sanctioned way to ship local servers.

Choose this when the server must run on the user's machine — it reads local files, drives a desktop app, talks to localhost services, or needs OS-level access.

→ Hand off to the build-mcpb skill.

Local stdio (npx / uvx) — not recommended for distribution

A script launched via npx / uvx on the user's machine. Fine for personal tools and prototypes. Painful to distribute: users need the right runtime, you can't push updates, and the only distribution channel is Claude Code plugins.

Recommend this only as a stepping stone. If the user insists, scaffold it but note the MCPB upgrade path.

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Phase 3 — Pick a tool-design pattern

Every MCP server exposes tools. How you carve them matters more than most people expect — tool schemas land directly in Claude's context window.

Pattern A: One tool per action (small surface)

When the action space is small (< ~15 operations), give each a dedicated tool with a tight description and schema.

create_issue    — Create a new issue. Params: title, body, labels[]
update_issue    — Update an existing issue. Params: id, title?, body?, state?
search_issues   — Search issues by query string. Params: query, limit?
add_comment     — Add a comment to an issue. Params: issue_id, body

Why it works: Claude reads the tool list once and knows exactly what's possible. No discovery round-trips. Each tool's schema validates inputs precisely.

Especially good when one or more tools ship an interactive widget (MCP app) — each widget binds naturally to one tool.

Pattern B: Search + execute (large surface)

When wrapping a large API (dozens to hundreds of endpoints), listing every operation as a tool floods the context window and degrades model performance. Instead, expose two tools:

search_actions  — Given a natural-language intent, return matching actions
                  with their IDs, descriptions, and parameter schemas.
execute_action  — Run an action by ID with a params object.

The server holds the full catalog internally. Claude searches, picks, executes. Context stays lean.

Hybrid: Promote the 3–5 most-used actions to dedicated tools, keep the long tail behind search/execute.

→ See references/tool-design.md for schema examples and description-writing guidance.

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Phase 4 — Pick a framework

Recommend one of these two. Others exist but these have the best MCP-spec coverage and Claude compatibility.

Framework	Language	Use when
Official TypeScript SDK (@modelcontextprotocol/sdk)	TS/JS	Default choice. Best spec coverage, first to get new features.
FastMCP 3.x (fastmcp on PyPI)	Python	User prefers Python, or wrapping a Python library. Decorator-based, very low boilerplate. This is jlowin's package — not the frozen FastMCP 1.0 bundled in the official mcp SDK.

If the user already has a language/stack in mind, go with it — both produce identical wire protocol.

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Phase 5 — Scaffold and hand off

Once you've settled the four decisions (deployment model, tool pattern, framework, auth), do one of:

1. Remote HTTP, no UI → Scaffold inline using references/remote-http-scaffold.md (portable) or references/deploy-cloudflare-workers.md (fastest deploy). This skill can finish the job.
2. MCP app (UI widgets) → Summarize the decisions so far, then load the build-mcp-app skill.
3. MCPB (bundled local) → Summarize the decisions so far, then load the build-mcpb skill.
4. Local stdio prototype → Scaffold inline (simplest case), flag the MCPB upgrade path.

When handing off, restate the design brief in one paragraph so the next skill doesn't re-ask.

Verify the server

After scaffolding, verify the server responds correctly:

# Start the server first (e.g. npx tsx src/server.ts or python server.py)
# Then smoke-test it:
bash scripts/test-server.sh http://localhost:3000/mcp

The test script calls tools/list via the MCP Inspector and checks the server returns at least one tool. If this passes, the server is wired correctly.

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Beyond tools — the other primitives

Tools are one of three server primitives. Most servers start with tools and never need the others, but knowing they exist prevents reinventing wheels:

Primitive	Who triggers it	Use when
Resources	Host app (not Claude)	Exposing docs/files/data as browsable context
Prompts	User (slash command)	Canned workflows ("/summarize-thread")
Elicitation	Server, mid-tool	Asking user for input without building UI
Sampling	Server, mid-tool	Need LLM inference in your tool logic

→ references/resources-and-prompts.md, references/elicitation.md, references/server-capabilities.md

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Quick reference: decision matrix

Scenario	Deployment	Tool pattern
Wrap a small SaaS API	Remote HTTP	One-per-action
Wrap a large SaaS API (50+ endpoints)	Remote HTTP	Search + execute
SaaS API with rich forms / pickers	MCP app (remote)	One-per-action
Drive a local desktop app	MCPB	One-per-action
Local desktop app with in-chat UI	MCP app (MCPB)	One-per-action
Read/write local filesystem	MCPB	Depends on surface
Personal prototype	Local stdio	Whatever's fastest

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Reference files

Read these when you reach the relevant phase — not upfront:

• references/remote-http-scaffold.md — Minimal remote server in TS SDK and FastMCP
• references/deploy-cloudflare-workers.md — Fastest deploy path (Workers-native scaffold)
• references/tool-design.md — Writing tool descriptions and schemas Claude understands well
• references/auth.md — OAuth, CIMD, DCR, token storage patterns
• references/resources-and-prompts.md — The two non-tool primitives
• references/elicitation.md — Spec-native user input mid-tool (capability check + fallback)
• references/server-capabilities.md — Instructions, sampling, roots, logging, progress, cancellation
• references/versions.md — Version-sensitive claims ledger (check when updating)