design-first

Design-First (Progressive Design Facilitation)

The 5 Levels

Level 1: Capabilities (The "What")

Purpose: Confirm scope. Surface user-facing outcomes system need deliver. Shared vocabulary check -- ensure human and AI talk same feature, same boundaries.

Output format: Numbered list user-facing capabilities, max 5. Each capability plain-language outcome, not implementation detail.

Boundary: No components, no architecture, no technical detail. If capability mention specific technology, class, or data structure -- belong later level. This level answer only "what user get?"

Checkpoint: "Does this Level 1 (Capabilities) look correct? Should I proceed to Level 2 (Components)?"

Level 2: Components (The "Who")

Purpose: Identify building blocks. What major pieces system, what each one responsible for?

Output format: 3-5 components, each with single responsibility and one-line description. Include ASCII or Mermaid diagram showing how relate. Note integration points with existing infrastructure.

Boundary: No data flow, no sequence operations, no interaction detail. Each component described by what it is and what it owns -- not how communicate with others. If write "A sends X to B" -- belong Level 3.

Checkpoint: "Does this Level 2 (Components) look correct? Should I proceed to Level 3 (Interactions)?"

Level 3: Interactions (The "How They Talk")

Purpose: Define data flow between components. How building blocks communicate deliver capabilities?

Output format: Sequence diagram (ASCII or Mermaid) or numbered flow showing order operations. For each interaction, describe WHAT data passes between components. See ./references/methodology-detail.md for notation guidance.

Boundary: No function signatures, no type definitions, no implementation detail. Focus what passes between components, not how each component process internally. If define method parameters or return types -- belong Level 4.

Checkpoint: "Does this Level 3 (Interactions) look correct? Should I proceed to Level 4 (Contracts)?"

Level 4: Contracts (The "Interface Definitions")

Purpose: Define interfaces, method signatures, type definitions that formalize interactions. Handoff artifact -- spec that implementation built against.

Output format: Typed interfaces, method signatures, type definitions. Language-appropriate format (TypeScript interfaces, Java interfaces, Python protocols, etc.). Use the project's primary language; if ambiguous, ask before writing contracts. No function bodies -- signatures and types only. Include error/failure types where interactions can fail. See ./references/methodology-detail.md for interface definition patterns.

Boundary: No implementation logic. If function body appear -- belong Level 5. Contracts reflect design agreed Levels 1-3, nothing more. Utility functions, helper methods, convenience wrappers not in design not belong here. Every Level 3 interaction must map to at least one interface or type; no new interactions may appear here that weren't agreed at Level 3.

Checkpoint: "Does this Level 4 (Contracts) look correct? Should I proceed to Level 5 (Implementation)?"

Level 5: Implementation (The "Code")

Purpose: Write code. Implement against agreed contracts, within agreed component boundaries, following agreed interaction patterns.

Output format: Working code fulfill contracts defined Level 4. Each component implemented within agreed boundary. Implementation reviewable against design -- reviewer check each component against Level 2 description, each interaction against Level 3 flow, each interface against Level 4 contract.

STOP: Only after Level 4 explicitly approved. Implementation follow design; not introduce new components, new interactions, new contracts not agreed upon.

The Zero Implementation Rule

No code until design agreed.

STOP: If catch self writing function bodies before Level 5 approved -- return to current design level, present only output appropriate that level.

Complexity Calibration

Task Complexity	Start At	Example
Simple utility	Level 4 (Contracts)	Date formatter, string helper
Single component	Level 2 (Components)	Validation service, API endpoint
Multi-component feature	Level 1 (Capabilities)	Notification system, payment flow
New system integration	Level 1 + deep Level 3	Third-party API, event pipeline

Entry Assessment

Before producing first level output, state the entry level and rationale:

"Based on [complexity signal], I'll start at Level [N] ([name]). Earlier levels are implicitly agreed — [brief statement of what's assumed]. Want to start here or go broader?"

Wait for confirmation before producing first level output. If user disagrees, adjust entry point.

Level Completion Protocol

At end each level:

1. Present level output in format specified that level (numbered list, diagram, sequence flow, or interfaces).
2. Self-check: is this simpler than it could be? If a simpler alternative exists, present it alongside: "I have a simpler option — [alternative]. Which do you prefer?"
3. Ask gating question: "Does this Level [N] look correct? Should I proceed to Level [N+1]?"
4. STOP: Wait explicit approval. Do not advance on silence or ambiguity.
5. If user redirect, correct, or raise concerns -- revise current level. Not advance until revision approved.

Each level constrains decision space for next. Skip level or advance without approval means constraints not established, later levels drift.

Out-of-level input: If user provides detail belonging to a later level (e.g., interaction detail during Level 2), acknowledge it — "Good thinking, I'll capture that at Level [N] ([name])" — and continue the current level. Do not ignore or reject.

Backtracking: If a later level reveals a gap in an earlier level (e.g., missing component discovered during Level 3 interactions), name the gap, propose revision to the earlier level, get approval for the revision, then resume the current level.

Scope expansion at Level 5: If user requests new scope during implementation, assess impact. If it affects components or interactions, propose a mini-loop back to the affected level for agreement. If purely implementation detail (logging, config), incorporate directly.

Mid-level exit: If user say "skip to code" or "just implement it" before design complete, acknowledge tradeoff before proceed: "Skipping Level [N] means [what hasn't been aligned] -- I'll flag any design gaps I notice as I implement. Proceeding now." Then implement. Not refuse or block; note risk and move forward.

Simplicity Check (Every Level)

Active push back on unnecessary complexity: capabilities beyond scope, components that could merge, interaction steps add no value, contracts with utility functions nobody requested. Present simpler alternative first. Let user choose to add complexity rather than remove it.

Anti-Patterns

Anti-Pattern	Symptom	Fix
Level Collapse	Components described with implementation code	Strip code, return to component boundaries only
Scope Creep	Level 1 lists capabilities not in requirements	Remove unrequested items, confirm scope
Premature Detail	Level 2 includes sequence diagrams or data flow	Move interaction detail to Level 3
Gold Plating	Contracts include utility functions not in the design	Remove; contracts reflect the design, not extras
Skipping Levels	Jump from Level 1 to Level 4	Back up; each level constrains the next
Silent Advancement	Moving to the next level without explicit approval	Always ask the gating question and wait
Feature Injection	Adding rate limiting, analytics, or hooks nobody asked for	Remove unrequested features; design what was requested